Glossary
accelerando– speed up
accent – articulation mark placed above or below a notehead; note is to be played louder
accidental – symbol that tells you to lower or raise a note a half step or a whole step
Aeolian – all-white-key mode from A to A. Same pitches as the natural minor scale.
alto clef – most common moveable C clef; used most often by the viola
anacrusis – incomplete measure that begins a piece; also known as an upbeat or pickup
answer – second appearance of the melody of a fugue that occurs at a perfect fifth away from the subject (first appearance of the melody)
appoggiatura – musical ornament that appears as a tiny note without a slash; its value is half of the following main note
articulation marks – symbol placed above or below a note that specifies how it should be performed
asymmetrical meters – meters that combine simple divisions of two and compound divisions of three, but the divisions remain constant. Also called composite meters.
augmentation – durations made longer, usually doubled
augmented interval (+) – interval quality when a perfect interval or major interval is increased by a half step while maintaining the interval number
bar – see measure
bar line – vertical line on a staff that breaks music into easy-to-understand segments called measures or bars
bass clef – symbol placed at the start of the staff; used for lower-sounding voices and instruments
beam – horizontal line used to connect flags together that fall within a beat
beat – the constant pulse you feel when you experience music
beat classification – duple, triple, or quadruple
beat division – see division
beat subdivision – see subdivision
blues scale – scale based on the minor pentatonic scale with the addition of raised scale degree 4. Often used in improvisation.
breve – note that is worth twice the value of a whole note; also called a double whole note
breve rest – rest that is worth twice the value of a whole rest; also called a double whole rest
borrowed division – when a simple meter’s beat is equally divided into three or when a compound meter’s beat is evenly divided into two
C clef – moveable clef that points at middle C
cautionary accidental – see courtesy accidental
changing meter – when time signatures change throughout a work
chromatic half step – half steps that have the same note name
chromatic scale – scale made entirely of half steps
circle of fifths – graphic representation of how all the major and minor keys are built by moving up and down by fifths; each key either gains a sharp (clockwise) or gains a flat (counterclockwise)
clef – symbol placed at the start of the staff that tells us the pitches
common time – time signature equivalent to 4/4
composite meter – an irregular meter whose top number shows how many beats are divided (e.g., 3+2)
compound interval – intervals a ninth and larger
compound meter – meter in which the dotted note is the beat and divides equally into three
concert pitch – the note one hears
consonant interval – stable-sounding interval. Two types: perfect consonance and imperfect consonance.
countersubject – In a fugue, the melody that continues at the end of the subject (in the first voice), while the answer is performed in the second voice.
courtesy accidental – accidental that is not necessary, but is added to clear any confusion; also known as a cautionary accidental
crescendo – music grows louder
cross rhythm – see polyrhythm
cut time – time signature equivalent to 2/2
D. C. al coda – da capo al coda; return to the beginning, but when you reach the coda symbol, jump to the other coda symbol
D. C. al fine – da capo al fine; go back to the beginning and perform until the double bar line
D. S. al coda – dal segno al coda; go back to the sign, but when you reach the coda symbol, jump to the other coda symbol
D. S. al fine – dal segno al fine; go back to the symbol and perform until the double bar line
decrescendo – music grows softer; also diminuendo
diatonic half step – half steps that have different note names
diatonic modes – modes also known as church modes that are even older than the major mode and minor mode. They include the Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, and Locrian.
diatonic scale – scale that uses every letter name once and only once
diminished interval (o) – interval quality when a perfect interval or minor interval is reduced by a half step while maintaining the interval number.
diminuendo – music grows softer; also decrescendo
diminution – durations made shorter, usually by halving
dissonant interval – unstable-sounding interval. Includes all seconds, sevenths, diminished, and augmented intervals
division – when a beat is evenly divided into two or a dotted beat is evenly divided into three; also known as beat division
dominant – [latex]\hat5[/latex]; five above the tonic
Dorian – all-white-key mode from D to D. Like the minor scale, but [latex]\hat6[/latex] is raised.
dot – dot following a note or a rest that adds half the value of the note or rest
dotted note – note with a dot following it; the dot adds half the value of the note
double bar line – specific type of bar line that has two closely-placed bar lines next to each other
double-dotted note/rest – note/rest with two dots following it; the first dot represents half the value of the note, while the second dot represents half the value of the first dot
double flat – symbol that indicates a note is a whole step lower than the white key
double sharp – symbol that indicates a note is a whole step higher than the white key
double whole note – see breve
double whole rest – see breve rest
downbeat – the accented first beat of a measure
duplet – a type of borrowed division when a dotted note is equally divided into two
dyad – two notes. Term often implies the notes sound simultaneously.
dynamics – symbols that tell musicians at what volume (how soft or how loud) to perform specific sections
eighth note – filled notehead with a stem and one flag; note that is half a quarter note and twice as much as a sixteenth note
eighth rest – rest that is half a quarter rest and twice as much as a sixteenth rest
embellishment – see ornament
enharmonic equivalents – two notes that are the same key on the keyboard (or sound the same), but have different note names (i.e., are spelled differently)
enharmonically equivalent interval – intervals that sound the same but are spelled differently
enharmonically equivalent keys – keys that share the same pattern of white and black keys on the keyboard but are spelled differently (e.g., G-flat and F-sharp major)
fermata – articulation mark that indicates to perform a note for longer than its value
final – [latex]\hat1[/latex] of a diatonic mode or pentatonic mode.
final double bar line – double bar line that indicates the end of a piece or major section
flag – shorter curved line(s) connected to the tip of the stem
flat – symbol that indicates a note is a half step lower than the white key
forte – dynamic marking that means loudly
fugue – strict compositional technique in which the opening melody (called the subject) recurs throughout the work at different intervals. The second appearance of the melody is called the answer.
grace note – musical ornament that is a tiny note with a slash that is played quickly and right before the main note falls on the beat; also called acciaccatura
grand staff – treble clef and bass clef connected together and to be played at the same time
half note – unfilled notehead with a stem; note that is worth half a whole note and twice as much as a quarter note
half rest – rest that sits on the third line of the staff; it is worth half a whole rest and twice as much as a quarter rest
half step – smallest distance between keys on a keyboard
harmonic interval – when two notes are performed simultaneously
harmonic minor scale – type of minor scale with raised subtonic (i.e., leading tone instead of subtonic)
harmonizing a melody – different notes occurring at the same time supporting a melody
hemiola – when three beats per measure temporarily shifts to accents every two beats
heterophony – when the same melody occurs simultaneously in different voices, but with alterations or embellishments. It is seldom used in Western art music.
homophony – a type of musical texture in which there is one melody while other voices or instruments perform a subordinate role
imperfect consonance – less stable than perfect consonances; includes major and minor thirds and sixths
instrument in C – instrument whose written pitch (what you see or perform) is the same as its concert pitch (what you hear)
interval – distance between two notes
interval inversion – when the bottom note of an interval becomes the top note (or vice versa)
interval number – interval descriptor that is usually a number between 1 and 8 (sometimes 9 or 10)
interval quality – interval descriptor that includes major, minor, perfect, augmented, or diminished
intervallic transposition – transposing by using intervals (as opposed to key signatures)
irregular meter – untraditional time signatures that do not fit into the categories of simple/ compound duple, triple, or quadruple
key – tonal center and mode combined, such as C major
key signature – group of flats or sharps located at the start of every system that says what the key may be
leading tone – [latex]\hat7[/latex]; scale degree that is a diatonic half step below the tonic and “leads” to the tonic
ledger line – a short line that represents a line on the staff if the staff were to continue (down or up) beyond its five lines
Locrian – all-white-key mode from B to B. Like the natural minor scale, but [latex]\hat2[/latex] and [latex]\hat5[/latex] are lowered.
Lydian – all-white-key mode from F to F. Like the major scale, but [latex]\hat4[/latex] is raised.
madrigal – a secular polyphonic song for multiple voices without instruments. The text often plays a strong role, and its peak was during the Renaissance.
major interval – possible interval quality for the second, third, sixth, and seventh. In major keys, the second, third, sixth, and seventh are major.
major mode – mode that is often associated with happy music; based on the major scale
major pentatonic – mode with only five notes from the major scale, omitting [latex]\hat4[/latex] and [latex]\hat7[/latex].
major scale – scale with the pattern wwhwwwh; major keys are based on their major scales
major tetrachord – four notes with the pattern whole-whole-half
marcato – articulation mark placed above or below a notehead; note is to be played even louder than an accent
me-modes – modes in which the third is a minor third. They include the Aeolian, Dorian, Phrygian, and Locrian modes.
measure – segment in music separated by bar lines; also called bar
measure number – number system for measures
mediant – [latex]\hat3[/latex]; scale degree halfway between the tonic and the dominant
melodic – when notes are sounded one at a time
melodic contour – the direction the melody ascends or descends
melodic interval – when two notes are performed one after the other
melodic minor scale – type of minor scale where [latex]\hat6[/latex] and [latex]\hat7[/latex] are raised while ascending, and return to the natural minor scale when descending; the ascending and descending melodic minor scales are different
melodic transposition – changing all pitches by the same proportion; when you write or perform the same melody in a different key
meter – regularly occurring pattern of strong beats and weak beats
meter classification – simple or compound
mi-modes – modes in which the third is major. They include the Ionian, Lydian, and Mixolydian modes.
middle C – name of note commonly used to give a visual sense of location; centered approximately in the middle of a piano keyboard
minor interval – possible interval quality for the second, third, sixth, and seventh. In minor keys, the third, sixth, and seventh are major.
minor mode – mode that is often associated with sad music; based on the natural minor scale
minor pentatonic – mode of five pitches based on the natural minor scale, but omitting [latex]\hat2[/latex] and [latex]\hat6[/latex].
minor scale – see melodic minor scale, harmonic minor scale, or natural minor scale
Mixolydian – all-white-key mode from G to G. Like the major scale, but [latex]\hat7[/latex] is lowered.
modal transposition – changing pitches by changing the mode from major or minor (or vice versa)
mode – tells us the collection of pitches used based on a tonal center; the major mode and minor mode are the most common modes
molto – much
monophony – when one (or all) instruments or voices perform the same melody at the unison or octaves
mordent – musical ornament that tells the musician to play an upper neighboring note (e.g., C-D-C) or lower neighboring note (e.g., C-B-C)
moveable C clef – see C clef
musical alphabet – letter names used for pitches; from A to G
musical ornament – an added note or notes that decorates the main note; can be represented by a small note or by a symbol; also called embellishment
musical staff – see staff
musical texture – see texture
natural minor scale – scale with the pattern whwwhww; minor keys are based on their natural minor scales
natural sign – symbol that indicates that a previous accidental no longer applies and continues back to the white key
neutral clef – one of the clefs used for non-pitched music; also percussion clef
note – symbol that represents how high or low sounds are
notehead – oval-shaped part of a note
octave – distance between a pitch and the same pitch eight notes apart
octave designation – a subscript number placed to the right of the note name to specify exactly where the note is on the keyboard
octave sign – symbols or abbreviations that tell you to perform pitches an octave (or two) higher or lower than written
offbeat – the weak beats (such as beats 2 and 4 in common time) or the weak parts of beats
ornament – added note or notes that decorates the main note; can be represented by a small note or a symbol; also embellishment
ostinato – continually repeated rhythm or notes
ottava – a symbol (8va) placed above or below pitches to indicate notes should be played an octave higher or lower
parallel keys – major and minor keys that share the same tonic
pentatonic – mode with five notes; in this textbook, we distinguish between major pentatonic and minor pentatonic although there are many more.
percussion clef – one of the clefs used for non-pitched music; also neutral clef
perfect consonance – type of consonance that is most stable; includes the perfect unison, perfect fifth, perfect octave, and sometimes the perfect fourth.
perfect interval – possible interval quality for the unison, fourth, fifth, and octave. In major and minor keys, the unison fourth, fifth, and octave are perfect.
Phrygian – all-white-key mode from E to E. Like the minor scale, but [latex]\hat2[/latex] is lowered.
piano – dynamic marking that means softly
pickup – see anacrusis
pitch – note name
poco – little
poco a poco – little by little
polymeter – when two or more meters occur simultaneously
polyphony – texture of music in which multiple melodies occur simultaneously
polyrhythm – when two different divisions of the beat occur simultaneously. Also called cross rhythm.
quadruplet – type of tuplet in compound meters in which the beat is divided into four
quarter note – filled notehead with a stem; worth half a half note and twice as much as an eighth note
quarter rest – rest that is worth half a half rest and twice as much as an eighth rest
quindicesima – a symbol (15ma) placed above or below pitches to indicate notes should be played two octaves higher or lower
quintuplet – when a beat is equally divided into five
range – How high or how low an instrument can sound or a person can sing
register – sections of a musical range divided into low, middle, and high
relative keys – major and minor keys that share the same key signature
repeat signs – symbols that tell you to repeat a section or the entire piece
rest – symbol that represents silence
rhythm – how musical sounds are heard as points in time
rhythm number system – specific type of rhythm system that uses numbers on each beat and syllables for other parts of the beat
rhythmic transposition – changing all note and rest values by the same proportion
ritardando – slow down
scale – collection of pitches that ascends or descends in alphabetical order from one note to the same note an octave apart
scale degree name – names of members of a scale (i.e., names of scale degree numbers)
scale degree number – Arabic numeral with a caret above it that says which member of a scale a note is
septuplet – tuplet that is a division of seven
sextuplet – tuplet that is usually a subdivision in simple meters or a tuplet that is evenly divided into six
sforzando – variation of accent marks
sharp – symbol that indicates a note is a half step higher than the white key
simple interval – intervals an octave or smaller
simple meter – meter where the beat evenly divides into two
sixteenth note – filled notehead with a stem and two flags; note that is worth half an eighth note
sixteenth rest – rest that is worth half an eighth rest
slur – articulation mark that looks like a curved line that indicates that notes are held out their full value with minimal silence between notes
staccatissimo – articulation mark placed above or below a notehead; note is to be played extremely short
staccato – articulation mark of a dot placed above or below a notehead; note is to be played short
staff – set of five horizontal lines upon which notes are placed; also called musical staff.
stem – line connected to the notehead
subdivision – when a beat is evenly divided into four or a dotted beat is evenly divided into six; also known as beat subdivision
subdominant – [latex]\hat4[/latex]; scale degree five below the tonic
subito piano – suddenly soft
subject – opening melody of a fugue
submediant – [latex]\hat6[/latex]; scale degree halfway between the tonic descending to the subdominant
subtonic – lowered [latex]\hat7[/latex] in minor only; scale degree a whole step below the tonic
supertonic – [latex]\hat2[/latex]; scale degree a whole step above the tonic
syncopation – accents that occur on weak beats or weak parts of beats. Accents must occur several times and not just once.
system – a line of music
tempo – the speed at which music is performed
tempo markings – markings that tell musicians how fast or slow to perform
tendency tones – notes that have a strong desire to move in a specific direction
tenuto – notes held out to their full value
tessitura – the most common part of a range in a song for vocalists
tetrachord – collection of four notes
texture – how many melodies are performed and what else is happening at the same time
thirty-second note – filled notehead with stem and three flags; worth half the value of a sixteenth note
thirty-second rest – rest with three flags; worth half the value of a sixteenth rest
tie – a curved line that connects two of the same pitches and holds out the note (i.e., the note is sustained and not resounded)
timbre – the unique quality of a musical sound
time signature – two numbers at the beginning of a piece of music that says what gets one beat and how many beats per measure
tonal center – a note that tell us where “home” is; the music gravitates around the tonal center and does not feel complete unless we end at home
tonic – [latex]\hat1[/latex]; scale degree that begins and ends a scale; considered to be the “home”
transposing instrument – instrument whose written pitch (what you see or perform) is different than its concert pitch (what you hear)
transposition – the act of changing all notes equally by the same proportion
treble clef – specific type of clef that is placed at the beginning of the staff; used for higher-sounding voices and instruments
trill – musical ornament that tells the performer to repeat alternating notes; can vary in duration and can even continue for multiple measures
triplet – when a note (not a dotted note) is equally divided into three
tritone – literally “three (whole) steps”; interval of an augmented fourth (also a diminished fifth)
tuplet – any division of a beat that is not the regular division or subdivision
turn – musical ornament that decorates the main note by approaching it from a step above, returns to the main note, moves a step below, then returns to the main note
upbeat – see anacrusis
whole note – unfilled notehead without a stem
whole rest – rest that hangs below the fourth line; it is worth twice as much as a half rest
whole step – two half steps
written pitch – the note one sees or performs.